home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- MEDICINE, Page 66Coming Soon: Safer Blood
-
-
- A new test can detect an elusive and dangerous hepatitis virus
-
-
- Many people who get blood transfusions these days are
- understandably nervous. Transfusions have saved countless
- lives, but they have sometimes transmitted serious blood-borne
- diseases, including AIDS. While public health officials point
- out that careful testing has all but eradicated the AIDS virus
- from the blood supply, they have not been able to claim that
- transfusions are perfectly safe. Reason: about 5% of patients
- who receive transfusions are exposed to a virus that can cause
- a potentially deadly liver infection called non-A, non-B
- hepatitis.
-
- The mysterious malady is so named because it is not caused
- by the widely recognized A and B strains of hepatitis viruses.
- Symptoms include fever, nausea and fatigue and, in chronic
- cases, cirrhosis of the liver. About 5% of the U.S. population
- harbors non-A, non-B viruses. The majority of those who are
- exposed show no symptoms, but of the patients who come down with
- chronic liver disease, an estimated 10% die within five years.
- About 150,000 new infections occur each year because of blood
- transfusions.
-
- This last major threat in the U.S. blood supply may soon be
- greatly reduced. After six years of research, scientists at
- Chiron, a genetic-engineering firm in Emeryville, Calif., have
- developed a test for the presence of a non-A, non-B hepatitis
- virus in blood samples. According to papers published last week
- in the journal Science, trials have shown that Chiron's test is
- highly reliable. It can now help eliminate the virus from the
- blood supply. The inexpensive test (about $2 per blood sample)
- is expected to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration
- this year and marketed early in 1990 by Chiron and Ortho
- Diagnostics Systems, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. Said Dr.
- S. Gerald Sandler, medical director for blood services of the
- American Red Cross: "This is a very significant scientific
- achievement that virtually closes the chapter on
- post-transfusion hepatitis."
-
- Chiron's initial breakthrough was to isolate a viral
- protein from blood samples taken from patients with non-A, non-B
- hepatitis. By cloning large quantities of the protein, the
- company was able to develop a test to detect its presence in
- blood. Chiron called the pathogen the "hepatitis-C virus." In
- clinical studies done at the National Institutes of Health, the
- Centers for Disease Control and laboratories in Italy and Japan,
- blood samples from patients thought to have non-A, non-B
- hepatitis were screened using Chiron's test. At least 80% of the
- samples tested positive for the hepatitis-C virus.
-
- The fact that the test did not detect non-A, non-B
- hepatitis 100% of the time suggests that there may be still more
- viruses at large that can cause hepatitis. But the A, B and C
- viruses seem to cause the large majority of cases, and so
- researchers are confident that they can now almost eliminate the
- risk of contracting hepatitis from a blood transfusion.
-
- Eradicating the disease is another matter. Like the AIDS
- and hepatitis-B viruses, hepatitis C is spread by sexual contact
- and, among drug addicts, through contaminated needles. But
- Chiron's work offers hope that the disease can be controlled.
- Isolating a protein from the hepatitis-C virus has made it
- possible to develop a vaccine to ward off the infection. Chiron
- biochemist Michael Houghton cautions that hepatitis C could be
- "one of those awkward viruses like herpes and AIDS" for which
- vaccines are elusive. But, he says, the C virus resembles the
- one that causes German measles, which can be prevented by one
- of the "best vaccines ever developed." Chiron plans to test
- potential hepatitis-C vaccines in animals later this year.
-
-